European sweet cherry, also known as sweet cherry and large cherry, is native to western Asia and southeastern Europe. It has the characteristics of large fruit, bright color, sweet and fleshy thickness, high nutritional value, and storage and transportation. High economic efficiency. The European sweet cherry cultivation techniques are summarized below.
1 The cultivation area is selected and the annual average temperature is 8~12°C, the extreme minimum temperature is above -15°C (Chinese cherry as rootstock), 7.2°C below 1400～1700h, annual rainfall is 560～750mm, annual sunshine hours are above 2300h , altitude 400 ~ 1300m, loessial soil, sandy loam, soil neutral or slightly acidic, soil thickness more than 1m, groundwater level below 1.5m, organic matter content of 1.5% or more, good ecological conditions, away from pollution sources, convenient transportation areas Jianyuan.
2 seedling cultivation 2.1 rootstock varieties commonly used in Qiaohua rootstocks are Chinese cherry such as grass cherry, big nest leaf, Shaanxi agate cherry, etc., characterized by strong affinity, graft survival rate is higher, more resistant to root cancer, but viral disease is more serious. Mazad has strong growth, strong tree, long life of the tree, late into the fruiting period, and is sensitive to bacterial ulcer disease, wilt disease, nodule disease and brown rot. Mahalei CDR-1 has dwarf effect, strong affinity, early results, cold and drought tolerance, root cancer, wilt disease and bacterial ulcer disease are light, susceptible to Phytophthora and brown rot. The dwarf rootstock varieties include Cote and Gisela. The test has high affinity, early results, high yield, wide adaptability to soil, anti-Pseudomonas bacterial ulcer disease and Phytophthora, but not drought-tolerant, easy Infected with root cancer; Gisela has strong affinity, wide adaptability to soil, early fruit yield, cold resistance, and good resistance to root cancer.
2.2 Rootstock seedling reproduction Chinese cherries, mountain cherries, Mazade, and Mahali generally use seed breeding, and select 10 to 15 years old, robust and disease-free mother trees to collect seeds. After the fruits are fully mature, collect them, soak the fruits in water and remove the flesh. Remove impurities and remove the seeds that have settled into the water to be dried. The seeds are mixed with 3 times of wet sand and stored for 100-180 days. After spring sowing, they are moved to indoor germination above 20 °C. When more than 50% of the seeds are shattered, the seeds can be taken out. Sowing time is from mid-March to mid-April, take 12cm × 30cm plant spacing on-demand, 5 seeds per hole, sowing depth 2 ~ 3cm, first cover after sowing ... 1cm thick fine river sand, then 1 ~ 2cm thick Sawdust or gluten, filling the bottom of the water, and then planting when the soil is dry and wet. Irrigation with small water during drought and transplanting after seedlings.
2.3 Grafting seedling cultivation adopts all-inclusive bud grafting method. The grafting period is from March to September. A blunt bud is taken from the bottom to the bottom of the bud, slightly with xylem, and then the bud is used at the base of the rootstock 10 cm away from the ground. Cut a blunt incision slightly longer than the bud from bottom to top. Insert the cut buds into the incision so that they fit tightly, then use the plastic strip to completely wrap the whole buds. After 2 weeks, use the needle to pick up the buds.
3 planting and gardening 3.1 main planting varieties and pollination varieties configuration Most European sweet cherry varieties have the characteristics of self-staining or low fruiting ability, must be configured with pollination trees. When the main planting variety is equivalent to the economic value of the pollinated variety, it is planted in a row of 1:1. When the value of the pollination tree is low, it is planted in rows of 4 to 5:1, and 3 to 5 varieties are planted in the same orchard. The main early-maturing varieties include 'red light' (pollination variety 'Reni', 'Pioneer'), 'Qin Ying 1' (pollination variety 'Poland', 'Pioneer', 'Red Light'), 'Poland' (polling varieties 'red light', 'red yan'); middle and late varieties have 'pioneer' (pollination varieties 'Binku', 'Mei Zao', 'Rani'), 'Juhong' (pollination variety 'red light ', 'Jiahong'), 'Reney' (pollination variety 'Binku', 'Pioneer'), 'Stanley' (self-satisfied), 'Yangyang' (self-satisfaction), 'Rabins' ( Self-sufficient), 'Jimei' (pollination variety 'Li Te', 'Rabins').
3.2 Planting Techniques Dwarf orchards use a row spacing of 2 to 2.5 m × 3.5 to 4.5 m, and Qiaohua Orchard uses a row spacing of 3.5 to 4 m × 4 to 5 m. Using the method of hole-like soil preparation, the depth of the planting hole is 60-80cm, the diameter is 80-100cm, 50kg of organic fertilizer is applied to each hole, and 2~3kg of NPK compound fertilizer is mixed with the topsoil and backfilled to 20cm away from the ground. Put the seedlings into the holes, the planting depth is better than the grounding interface, and the main planting and pollinating varieties are planted in proportion. Immediately after planting in spring, it will be dried. 4~6 full buds will be left under the cut, 60~70cm in the plain area, 50~60cm in the hilly area, and timely irrigation according to the lyrics.
4 plastic trimming technology 4.1 plastic trimming generally adopts the tree shape as a free spindle shape, the trunk height is 80-100cm, the tree height is no more than 4m, the small main branch is staggered with 10~15 small branches, and the small main branch is mainly thick and thick 1/2 Below, the main branch spacing is 20~30cm, the main branch directly bears the result branch group, the branch angle of the main branch and the main branch is 70-80°, the fixed dry height is 80-100cm in the year of colonization, and the bud is 1 week after the germination in the spring bud. ~2 times, from the end of June to the beginning of July, the branches of the growing center are prosperous and the branches are promoted, and the center with small growth is not topped. The side shoots are taken 2 to 3 times during the semi-lignification. Change the growth direction so that the lateral branches grow horizontally. In the second year of spring, the center of the center is extended to select the strong buds, and the small buds are promoted on the center of the center. When the small branches are cultivated, the buds are cut off or the head buds are cut, and the small branches are carved from the buds. The base of the main branch starts at 15 to 20 cm, and the buds on the sides and the buds on the back are 1 or 1 or 2, and the buds on the back are not engraved. The result is 5 to 6 years, and the angle is too large.
4.2 Trimming the young trees when pruning properly to eliminate the spoiled branches, try to keep the middle branches and twigs, light and short cut 1 year old branches, 2 to 4 years old tree main branch extension branches generally cut 40 ~ 50cm. The lateral branches should be shorter and retain the branchlets on the branches of the crown. The main branches and side branches of the over-revolution are retracted, and the lower branches are used as the main branches. The branches outside the backbone branches are pulled, looped, topped, and twisted to inhibit excessive growth and promote flowering results. When the first fruit tree is pruned, the main stem is cut and the main branch is extended. The main branch and the side branch are cultivated by the bud, and the long branch of the back is cultivated into a compact result group, and the medium weak branch of 40 cm is trimmed first. Slowly retract and retract, and cultivate a large result branch group on the back of the erect branch. During the fruit-harvesting period, the branches are no longer shortened by the short-bone branches, and the drooping branches, the thin and long branches, and the aging result branches in the crown are rejuvenated by retraction, generally retracted to a good branch, and the angle of the branches is raised. The measures such as weakening and staying strong, going far and staying close are used to update, and the backbone branches and the resulting branches of the poor result ability are weakened, otherwise they are slowly released. During the senescence period, when the tree is pruned, the large branches are retracted, and the long branches that are released after the retraction are selected; the senescent branches are retracted to a good branch, and the new branches are cultivated by the long branches, and the excessive branches are removed, and the remaining branches are short. Slow down after cutting.
5 Soil and water management 5.1 Deeply renovating the soil In the autumn, the orchard is deeply turned over. The base of the trunk is shallow and deep to the outside. It is limited to the main root of more than 1cm, combined with the application of base fertilizer. The young trees are short, shallow and no growth period. Symbiotic pests and diseases such as beans, potatoes, vegetables, etc., increase early income; timely ploughing after rain or after irrigation, the depth is 5 ~ 10cm, loose soil, eliminate weeds.
5.2 Fertilization of sweet cherry should be based on organic fertilizer, supplemented by chemical fertilizer, and the ratio of application of NPK should be 10:2:10~12. When the saplings are planted at the time of planting, they are applied to the planting points. After the application of the fertilizer, the “dual ammonium phosphate + urea†0.15～0.2kg/plant is applied every 5 months, and the fertilizer is applied by the ring ditch or spreading method. 667m2 application of organic fertilizer 5000kg + compound fertilizer 100kg, the end of the flowering period of ammonium bicarbonate 1.5 ~ 2kg / strain, from the hard core period to the harvest before the application of 2 times compound fertilizer 0.5kg / strain. These three fertilizations were combined with irrigation, and after the fruit was harvested, 1.5~2kg/plant of compound fertilizer was applied to the radiation ditch.
5.3 Timely irrigation and drainage should be carried out once before and after flowering, and the fruit should be irrigated 1 to 2 times according to the sensation before the harvest. Combined with fertilization and irrigation, after the application of the base fertilizer in autumn, the water is irrigated once, and the water is drained in time.
6 flower and fruit management technology promotes flower bud differentiation by opening angle, topping, twisting, ring cutting, moderate drought and other measures. Spraying 0.3%~0.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate at the initial flowering stage to enhance the anti-freezing ability of flowers and fruits; whitening the trunk, spraying 0.5% calcium chloride solution at the beginning of the germination, delaying the flowering period; smoking, blowing or spraying, and watering to prevent frost. In the first flower and full bloom period, 0.3% borax + 0.1% urea + 1% sugar mixture is sprayed once, and 1 box of bees is placed every 500m before flowering to promote pollination. Remove the dense flower buds, poor quality flowers, and remove the thin flower branches, small fruits and deformed fruits according to the leaves 3~5:1. From the initial flowering period to the 7-10d foliar spray before harvesting... 1 time Taibao 800 times liquid, spray 18mg/L gibberellin solution 3 times before harvesting to increase the fruit and improve the quality. Stable to maintain the soil water content after flowering is 60% to 80% of the maximum water holding capacity in the field. Before harvesting, spray 0.5% calcium chloride solution for 2 weeks to prevent cracking.
7 main pests and diseases control cherry brown spot perforation, leaf spot, cherry bacterial perforation: using 65% mancozeb wettable powder 500 times liquid spray 2 to 3 times; root cancer: K84 sterilization when planting 30 times liquid sputum root, after the onset of cancer removal, smear with K84 solution, and watering the roots around the root system; dry rot and other branches of the disease: timely scrape the lesions, with 5% of the bacteria water clearing agent 100 times Smear; invasive flow gum disease: spraying 50% of carbendazim WP 800 times in the growth period, scraping the lesions before flowering, and applying 20 waves of Meteorite mixture to the wound. Chafer, leaf curler, leafhopper: can be sprayed with 50% malathion EC 1000 times liquid tree; Tianniu and other dried pests: 50% phoxim 500 times liquid can be injected into the insect channel 10ml, with yellow Mud seal wormhole; Daqing leaf mites, grass mites, mulberry sputum: can be controlled with 10% imidacloprid 4000 times liquid; blind mites class: can be controlled with 4.5% Shida emulsifiable concentrate 2000 times.
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